Optometry is a specialty in the healthcare industry concerned with visual acuity. A student interested in this field may expect both course work and clinical experience to become proficient in examining, diagnosing, and treating vision problems.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.